Final answer:
The definition of 'transverse' in the context of the sentence from Victor Hugo's novel is 'd) set crosswise'. This description aligns with the architectural design of churches, where the transept crosses the nave, illustrating the concept of something extending or being placed across another object or space.
Step-by-step explanation:
The word transverse is derived from the Latin roots 'trans', meaning 'across' and 'versare', usually meaning 'to turn' or 'to move'. In the context of the sentence from The Hunchback of Notre Dame, the word 'transverse' is used to describe a beam that Bellevigne de l'Étoile mounted. Understanding the prefix and suffix provides clues to the meaning of the word, which in this case refers to something that is 'set crosswise'. Therefore, the correct definition of transverse in the sentence is 'd) set crosswise'.
To further clarify with the given reference, Steven explains how the structure of a church is often cross-shaped, with the nave being intersected by a transept. The transept is a part of the church that extends across the main body of the building, setting it crosswise, much like the transverse beam that Bellevigne de l'Étoile has mounted. This architectural detail is often seen in religious buildings such as Chartres Cathedral, which Beth mentions has sculpted doorways on its north and south transept.
Understanding architectural terms and ancient church layouts can also provide insight into the meaning and use of the word 'transverse'. The nave is the central part of the church, and the transept crosses it. This typical cross-sectional design of cathedrals and large churches allows for an additional passage that does not disturb the ongoing religious services, reflecting the practical aspect of the term 'transept' and by extension, 'transverse'. Therefore, in the context of church architecture and the example provided by Victor Hugo's text, 'transverse' signifies a placement that crosses or extends across something else, often in a perpendicular manner.