Final answer:
In-group collectivism is the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their cultural or ethnic group. It reflects the tendency of people in collectivist cultures to value group cohesion and loyalty over individual achievements.
Step-by-step explanation:
In-group collectivism refers to the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their groups. Given the context provided, the correct answer is D. cultural or ethnic group. The concept of in-groups and out-groups originated with Sociologist William Sumner, where an in-group is a group an individual identifies with and sees as a central part of their identity, while an out-group is a group that an individual does not belong to and may even feel competition against.
When talking about in-group collectivism, it often spans various activities and relationships within a culture or ethnicity, including but not limited to preparing meals together, socializing, and playing games. These activities foster a strong sense of group identity and solidarity. Collectivist cultures, which are prevalent in many Asian, Latin American, and African countries, put a significant emphasis on group cohesion and loyalty over the individual, contrasting with individualistic cultures where personal achievements and autonomy are more valued.