The c) out-group is the group associated with disadvantages and advantages in social interactions. Hence, c) is correct.
The out-group is a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with. In social interactions, the out-group can lead to disadvantages by creating a sense of competition or conflict.
However, it can also offer advantages by providing opportunities for individuals to define themselves in comparison to others and develop a sense of belonging within their in-group.
It is important to note that in-groups and out-groups can exist within both primary groups and secondary groups.