Final answer:
The process not used for designing a research question is 'collecting data for the study', as data collection occurs after a research question has been established and is part of the scientific method's subsequent phase.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the processes used for designing a research question, the correct answer to what does not typically occur during the designing phase is collecting data for the study (Option C). Let's delve into the options provided. Carefully observing behaviors and researching known information are both crucial preliminary steps in formulating a research question. These steps often involve observation and reviewing literature or existing records to identify gaps in knowledge or new angles for investigation. Establishing questions to guide research is the very essence of the research design process, where specific questions are developed that will direct the course of the study.
However, collecting data is not part of designing the research question; it is part of the subsequent phase of conducting research. Collecting and analyzing data are actions taken to answer the research question, once it has been defined and operationalized. This is in line with the scientific method, which outlines a series of steps that include making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, and then testing those hypotheses through data collection and analysis.