Final answer:
Occupational dose is measured using devices such as Geiger counters for detecting ionizing radiation, scintillators for measuring light emissions caused by radiation, and various types of dosimeters for recording individual radiation exposure levels.
Step-by-step explanation:
To measure occupational dose, which is the amount of radiation exposure received by workers in fields such as medicine, nuclear energy, and industrial applications, several types of devices are employed. Specifically, Geiger counters, scintillators, and dosimeters are crucial in monitoring and measuring radiation levels.
Geiger counters detect and measure ionizing radiation by the ionization of gas within a Geiger-Müller tube. The rate of ionization indicates the radiation level. On the other hand, scintillators contain materials that emit light when excited by ionizing radiation; this light is then converted into an electric signal by a sensor. Lastly, dosimeters come in various forms including electronic, film badge, thermoluminescent, and quartz fiber, and are often used for recording an individual's radiation exposure.
Minimizing the effects of radiation involves shielding with materials like lead, distancing from the source, and reducing exposure time. Understanding the appropriate use of these devices and measures helps in ensuring safety in occupational environments with potential radiation exposure.