Final answer:
Respiratory distress in a newborn is indicated by nasal flaring, intercostal/subcostal retractions, and grunting. These signs suggest difficulty with breathing due to conditions such as RDS, notably in premature infants caused by insufficient pulmonary surfactant.
Step-by-step explanation:
Signs that indicate respiratory distress in a newborn include nasal flaring, intercostal/subcostal retractions, and grunting. These symptoms are concerning and denote that the newborn is struggling to breathe. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a condition that primarily occurs in premature infants due to insufficient production of pulmonary surfactant, which is crucial for lung inflation. Difficulty inflating the lungs leads to poor gas exchange, resulting in low blood oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels.
In contrast, symptoms such as sneezing, coughing, hiccups, and yawning, although they may occur in newborns, do not typically signify respiratory distress. Likewise, frequent crying and restlessness may indicate discomfort or other needs but are not specific signs of respiratory distress. Understanding the correct signs of respiratory compromise is important for early intervention and management.