Final answer:
The newborn tests typically performed through a heel stick, venipuncture, or urine collection are Newborn screening tests, PKU, Sickle cell disease, and Galactosemia. These are critical for identifying potential health issues early on. The Apgar score is also used right after birth to evaluate a newborn's health status.
Step-by-step explanation:
The tests commonly conducted through a heel stick, venipuncture, or urine collection in newborns are B) Newborn screening tests, such as Phenylketonuria (PKU), Sickle cell disease, and Galactosemia. These tests are vital for detecting metabolic, genetic, and endocrine disorders that can affect a child's long-term health. An example of heel stick testing in newborns is the screening for PKU, a metabolic disorder that can lead to intellectual disability if not treated with a special diet. Venipuncture may be used for more comprehensive blood tests or when larger volumes of blood are required. Urine tests in newborns may involve using urine test strips or performing specific tests such as Benedict's test to check for high levels of glucose in the urine, which could indicate diabetes.
In relation to blood tests, they help to determine substances present within the blood and their quantities including measuring lipid or glucose levels in plasma. Unlike blood tests, urine tests do not access the newborn’s circulatory system directly, making them less invasive.
It is important to note that the criteria assessed during an Apgar score include skin color, heart rate, reflex, muscle tone, and respiration. This score helps healthcare providers determine the immediate health status and whether the newborn may need urgent medical care. While the Apgar test provides immediate assessment of the newborn, the screening tests mentioned earlier are typically performed within the first few days of life to detect any conditions that may require early intervention.