Final answer:
Risk factors for Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST) include extremes of age, renal disease, hepatic dysfunction, and cardiac disease. These conditions can affect the metabolism, clearance, and sensitivity to local anesthetics, increasing the risk of systemic toxicity.
Step-by-step explanation:
Risks factors for LAST, which stands for Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity, include several patient-related factors and clinical conditions that can increase the likelihood of complications from the use of local anesthetics. While the question seems to refer to LAST, the provided information pertains more to myocardial infarction (MI) and other health conditions. To accurately address the question:
- Extremes of age are a risk factor, as both very young and older patients have an increased sensitivity to local anesthetics.
- Renal disease, such as chronic kidney disease, can lead to altered drug clearance and metabolism, increasing the risk of LAST.
- Hepatic dysfunction can impair the metabolism of local anesthetics, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and potential toxicity.
- Cardiac disease can predispose patients to LAST due to decreased cardiac function, alteration of drug distribution, and pre-existing arrhythmias that may worsen with local anesthetic toxicity.
While cardiovascular disease is a major risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI), it is also relevant as a risk factor for LAST in the context of altered drug distribution and tolerance to local anesthetics.