Final answer:
Liver function tests such as ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT, as well as bilirubin levels and serum protein measurements, are key indicators of liver structural integrity and cellular intactness. Histological examinations and ultrasound imaging further aid in evaluating liver health.
Step-by-step explanation:
Liver Tests for Evaluating Structural Integrity and Cellular Intactness
The liver is a critical organ with functions ranging from metabolism to detoxification. There are several liver function tests (LFTs) used to evaluate the structural integrity and cellular intactness of the liver. When there is damage or inflammation in the liver, certain enzymes and bilirubin levels in the blood will rise, signaling potential liver issues.
A key indicator of liver health is the level of enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). ALT and AST can be elevated in cases of liver cell damage. ALP and GGT levels may increase with bile duct obstruction, cholestasis, or liver infiltration. Furthermore, GGT can be particularly sensitive to liver dysfunction and is raised with alcohol toxicity.
Other important tests include direct and total bilirubin to evaluate bile metabolism and potential issues with bile excretion. Serum albumin and total protein levels, along with the albumin/globulin ratio, offer insight into the liver's synthetic abilities. Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) can be measured as it is elevated in hemolysis which can cause jaundice, although it is not liver-specific.
Additional Diagnostic Tools
Beyond blood tests, histological examination of the liver can provide detailed structural insights. Hepatocytes are the liver's main cell type and are critical for its various functions. Ultrasounds and serological test panels for hepatitis virus antibodies are also vital tools for assessing liver health.