Final answer:
After a formal hearing, the disciplinary actions that can be taken include both formal and informal sanctions, ranging from expulsion and imprisonment to receiving disapproving looks for norm violations.
Step-by-step explanation:
If after a formal hearing, several disciplinary actions can be taken based on the nature of the violation and the framework of the institution or legal system in place. These disciplinary actions can range from formal sanctions to informal sanctions depending on the context.
For serious infractions such as violating a college's code of conduct or engaging in criminal activity, formal negative sanctions are often applied, which can include expulsion from an educational institution or imprisonment for criminal offenses. In the workplace, speaking inappropriately to a superior may result in dismissal.
Conversely, formal positive sanctions may be awarded for exemplary behavior, such as an official commendation for a soldier saving a life. The outcome of a formal hearing is contingent on the decision-making process of a judge or a body that assesses the case, examining evidence and considering legal provisions.
In the case of criminal justice, a person charged with a crime is informed of their rights, the charges, and enter a plea during a preliminary hearing. Additional hearings may address the admissibility of evidence. Should the process go to trial, a jury's decision must be unanimous, or a mistrial is declared.
Higher courts, including the Supreme Court, make determinations that have the power to >interpret the Constitution and set precedents, which in turn influence and shape the application of justice and formal disciplinary actions.
Informal sanctions occur in everyday social interactions and are governed by societal norms rather than legal mandate. These are societal responses to behavior that deviates from accepted norms, like receiving disapproving looks for inappropriate attire at a formal event. Whether formal or informal, sanctions aim to maintain order and uphold social and legal standards.