Final answer:
Probable cause for a protective order violation relies on the 'totality of circumstances' test, considering all factors to determine if an officer has enough evidence to believe a violation has occurred, while also ensuring compliance with Fourth and Fifth Amendment protections.
Step-by-step explanation:
The threshold for probable cause for a violation of a protective order is based on the standard set by the totality of circumstances, which is used to determine whether a law enforcement officer has sufficient facts and inferences drawn from those facts to believe that a violation has occurred. This standard was established in Illinois v. Gates, which requires examining all aspects of the situation to establish probable cause under the Fourth Amendment. In instances of domestic violence, as discussed in Carlson et al., the existence of a protective order and evidence of reabuse could contribute to probable cause. Similarly, the protection afforded by the Fourth Amendment against unreasonable searches and seizures as stated in Terry v. Ohio influences when and how law enforcement can intervene, especially when frisking for weapons based on a reasonable suspicion. The requirement of probable cause extends to arrest warrants too, allowing officers to take action without a warrant in cases of suspected felonies so long as probable cause exists. However, it is crucial that police practices conform to constitutional protections, such as the requirement against self-incrimination as per the Fifth Amendment.