Final answer:
Probable cause can be established using eyewitness testimony, physical evidence, and informant tips, all of which are critical in determining whether there's a reasonable basis to charge someone with a crime. so, option 4 is the correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sources of information that can be used to establish probable cause include 1) eyewitness testimony, 2) physical evidence, and 3) informant tips. All three options are relevant and can be used by law enforcement and the court system to determine if sufficient reason exists to believe that a suspect has committed a crime. Eyewitness testimony, while powerful, can sometimes be unreliable due to issues like suggestibility, which can lead to the creation of false memories. Physical evidence is tangible and can directly link a suspect to a crime, providing a more concrete basis for establishing probable cause. Informant tips, which can vary in reliability, may provide leads or contribute additional information that supports the presence of probable cause.
It's important to consider factors such as the credibility of an eyewitness, the integrity of physical evidence, and the veracity of informant tips. In court, these sources must be scrutinized for bias, verifiability, and alignment with consensus expert opinions if applicable. Overall, the question asks about the mix of evidence that can help formulate probable cause in legal settings, and the answer is option 4) All of the above.