Final answer:
A penalty used to ensure compliance or conformity is called a sanction, which can be either negative or positive. Sanctions serve as social control and can be informal or formal. therefore option 1 is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sanctions, integral to the fabric of social dynamics, are mechanisms employed to ensure adherence to established norms and behaviors within a society. These regulatory measures can be classified into positive and negative sanctions, each wielding a distinct influence on individual conduct.
Positive sanctions function as affirmations of conformity, manifesting in forms like commendations, praise, or material rewards such as bonuses. These incentives serve to reinforce behavior aligned with cultural norms, fostering a sense of collective identity and acceptance.
Conversely, negative sanctions operate as deterrents, acting as punitive consequences for deviating from societal expectations. Ranging from fines to imprisonment, these repercussions aim to discourage behavior that contravenes established norms, emphasizing the importance of societal cohesion and order.
Essential to the concept of social control, sanctions collectively mold and regulate individual behavior, aligning it with the broader cultural framework. In the intricate tapestry of societal interactions, sanctions can manifest informally through subtle expressions like a frown or a smile from a stranger, subtly signaling approval or disapproval. Conversely, formal sanctions, such as commendations or expulsion from educational institutions, carry more pronounced consequences, wielding authority to shape individual behavior within the structured confines of societal norms.
Ultimately, the dual nature of sanctions, with their positive and negative facets, underscores their multifaceted role as tools for shaping and maintaining the intricate balance of social order and cultural continuity.