Final answer:
Perception time, reaction distance, and braking distance are affected by factors such as the driver's reaction time, initial speed, and road conditions. Distractions, fatigue, and impairment can affect perception time, while reaction distance depends on reaction time and initial speed. Braking distance is influenced by vehicle characteristics and road conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The factors that affect perception time, reaction distance, and braking distance include the driver's reaction time, the initial speed of the vehicle, and the road conditions.
Perception time
is the time it takes for the driver to realize that they need to hit the brakes. Factors that can affect perception time include distractions, fatigue, and alcohol or drug impairment. For example, if a driver is distracted by their phone, it will take them longer to notice the need to brake.
Reaction distance
is the distance the vehicle travels during the driver's reaction time. This distance depends on the driver's reaction time and the initial speed of the vehicle. A longer reaction time or a higher initial speed will result in a larger reaction distance. For example, if a driver takes longer to react or if they are driving at a higher speed, they will cover a greater distance before hitting the brakes.
Braking distance
is the distance the vehicle travels from the point where the brakes are applied until it comes to a complete stop. This distance depends on the characteristics of the vehicle (such as its weight and braking system) and the road conditions (such as dry or wet pavement). For example, a heavier vehicle or wet pavement will require a longer braking distance.