Final answer:
Personal jurisdiction can be established under the new framework primarily by invoking the Constitution and Federal Judiciary Act which grants federal courts the authority to resolve disputes involving federal law or between states. Additionally, cases that start in state courts can progress to federal courts if they involve federal law or constitutional issues.
Step-by-step explanation:
Two ways to establish personal jurisdiction under the new framework are:
- The Constitution and the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789, allow federal courts to hear cases involving federal law, disputes between states, and disputes between residents of different states.
- Cases that implicate the U.S. Constitution or federal law may begin in state courts and then progress to federal courts if they involve a federal question, affecting issues such as employment discrimination or securities fraud.
It's important to note that the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving ambassadors or states. Competence rulings, such as Dusky v. United States, also play a role in determining a defendant's ability to undergo trial, which can influence personal jurisdiction in a broader sense. The complex nature of jurisdiction means that issues of federal law can originate in state courts and move to the federal side, especially after all state appeal options have been exhausted.