Final answer:
In bipolar disorder, NE levels can be dysregulated, potentially increasing during manic episodes and decreasing during depressive ones. This dysregulation can contribute to the characteristic symptoms of the disorder. Medications like antidepressants can help stabilize neurotransmitter levels.
Step-by-step explanation:
Changes in neurotransmitter levels, such as norepinephrine (NE), are common in mood disorders, including bipolar disorder. In the context of bipolar disorder, catecholamines like epinephrine and NE, which are part of the body’s fight-or-flight response, can be dysregulated. Studies suggest that during the manic phase of bipolar disorder, there may be an increase in NE levels, which can lead to symptoms like hyperactivity, euphoria, and less need for sleep. Conversely, during depressive phases, NE levels may decrease, potentially contributing to the lethargy and low motivation associated with depression. Medications such as antidepressants can help to stabilize these neurotransmitter levels. It’s also noted that chronic stress can lead to persistent alterations in neurotransmitter levels, including both NE and cortisol, which may contribute to the impaired stress response seen in mood disorders like major depressive disorder (MDD).