Final answer:
Portal hypertension is associated with five key clinical signs: ascites, varices, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and hepatic encephalopathy.
Step-by-step explanation:
Portal hypertension is a condition characterized by increased blood pressure within the portal venous system. The five clinical signs of portal hypertension include:
- Ascites: The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abdominal swelling.
- Varices: These are enlarged veins that develop primarily in the esophagus and stomach due to the increased pressure. Varices can lead to hemorrhage if they rupture.
- Splenomegaly: An enlarged spleen resulting from the increased pressure in the portal venous system.
- Thrombocytopenia: A reduced platelet count that occurs as an effect of splenomegaly, where the spleen sequesters more platelets.
- Hepatic encephalopathy: A decline in brain function due to the liver's inability to remove toxins from the blood.
Other potential manifestations of portal hypertension, which serve as secondary indicators, include gastroesophageal reflux, hematemesis (vomiting of blood), and changes in bowel habits due to the associated liver pathology.