Final answer:
Pleural effusion is not a complication associated with arterial puncture, whereas infection, hematoma, and thrombosis are potential complications. Pleural effusion is typically related to other health conditions rather than a direct result of arterial puncture.
Step-by-step explanation:
The complication associated with arterial puncture that is not listed is pleural effusion. Complications related to arterial puncture include a risk of infection, hematoma formation, and thrombosis. A pleural effusion refers to an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space of the lungs, which is not a direct complication of arterial puncture. Complications such as infection can arise from any invasive procedure if the area is not properly sterilized. Hematoma occurs when blood leaks into the tissues surrounding the puncture site. Thrombosis can form due to vessel damage, causing aggregation of blood components, like platelets and erythrocytes, and is a serious condition as it can impede blood flow and lead to increased blood pressure or circulating clots known as emboli. However, pleural effusion is generally related to other causes such as heart failure, pneumonia, or malignancy, and not directly to arterial puncture.