Final answer:
A wrongful act other than a crime or breach of contract is called a tort. Therefore correct answer is option 1.
Step-by-step explanation:
A wrongful act other than a crime or breach of contract is known as a tort. This legal term refers to civil wrongdoings that cause harm or injury to another party, and the affected party can seek compensation or legal remedy through the courts. Unlike criminal offenses, which are wrongs against the state, torts typically involve private disputes between individuals or entities. Some common examples of torts include negligence, defamation, and trespass.
Understanding Torts: Torts are based on the concept that individuals are responsible for the consequences of their actions. If an action produces harm a person didn't intend or foresee, they are still potentially liable in a court of law. Utilitarianism, an ethical theory, asserts that the consequences of one's actions are the primary basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of those actions. Hence, if someone causes unintended harm, they may still be held accountable from a legal and utilitarian perspective.
Precautionary Principle: The concept that one should proceed with caution when the effects of a human activity are poorly understood is expressed by the precautionary principle. This principle suggests a cautious approach to activities that could harm the environment or human health, advocating for preventive action in the face of uncertainty.