Final answer:
Potential effects of poisoning or toxic exposure during pregnancy include miscarriage, congenital abnormalities, developmental delays, and premature birth or low birth weight, attributable to exposure to teratogens like alcohol, which can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The correct option is 5) All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
The potential effects of poisoning or toxic exposure in a pregnant patient include a range of adverse outcomes for both the mother and the developing fetus. These outcomes can include increased risk of miscarriage, congenital abnormalities in the fetus, developmental delays in the child, premature birth, and low birth weight. Substances known to cause such effects are referred to as teratogens. Exposure to teratogens can have severe impacts during the embryonic stage of development, which can lead to developmental problems such as decreased IQ, hyperactivity, and other cognitive and physical deficits that may persist into adulthood. An example of a teratogen is alcohol, which can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) that include a wide range of effects from minor to major congenital abnormalities.