Final answer:
Debates during the Confederation and Constitutional Convention period centered on political rights, the balance of power between the national government and the states, and individual liberties. Differences between Federalists and Anti-Federalists over the strength of the central government and the need for a Bill of Rights were key issues. The ratified U.S. Constitution established a federal system with a stronger national government alongside provisions for individual and state rights.
Step-by-step explanation:
During the Confederation and Constitutional Convention period, the delegates faced numerous debates about political rights, including the scope and powers of the national government versus the rights of individual states. The initial governing document, the Articles of Confederation, favored state sovereignty, but challenges faced by the country under this framework led to the Constitutional Convention of 1787. There, the formation of a new Constitution began, with discussions about topics such as state representation, the counting of slaves, taxation, and the election of the president.
Debates also focused on a central question: how should the consent of the governed be reflected in a republican framework at both state and national levels? Those who feared an overbearing central government, known as Anti-Federalists, called for a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties. Conversely, Federalists argued for a stronger federal government to address the nation's challenges. These divisions led to the establishment of a new constitution that was both national and federal—granting more power to the central government while maintaining the existence of states.
After the U.S. Constitution was drafted, further contention arose during the ratification process. Proponents sought a government capable of maintaining an army, imposing taxes, and enforcing laws, while opponents feared the potential for tyranny. The balance of power between the legislative and executive branches, the role of the president, and the taxing power of the federal government were core issues. Notably, Patrick Henry vocally resisted expanding national power at the state's expense.
Ultimately, enough states ratified the Constitution with the understanding that a Bill of Rights would be added, leading to the creation of a government framework that is still in use today, complete with amendments that delineate both federal and state powers as well as individual rights.