Final answer:
The transaction that does not result in either a cash inflow or a cash outflow is the amortization of a patent of a cash dividend. Option c is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
When a company purchases some of its own stock from a stockholder, there is a cash outflow. Similarly, the payment of a cash dividend also results in a cash outflow. However, the sale of equipment at book value could either result in cash inflow, outflow, or no cash movement depending on the specific circumstances of the sale.
On the other hand, the amortization of a patent is an accounting entry that spreads the cost of the patent over its useful life for financial reporting purposes, but does not involve an actual transfer of cash.
When considering ways to access financial capital, firms have options including borrowing money from a bank, issuing bonds, or issuing stock. Borrowing has the disadvantage of requiring scheduled interest payments regardless of a firm's income, but the firm retains full control.
Issuing stock does not obligate the company to make regular payments, though dividends may be paid, but it does require the firm to give up some control to shareholders and be answerable to a board of directors.
Option c is correct.