Final Answer:
Russia was isolated from Europe due to geographical barriers. so the correct option is 1) Geographical barriers .
Step-by-step explanation:
Geographical barriers: Russia's vast size and geographical features, such as the Ural Mountains and the vast Siberian expanses, created natural obstacles that hindered easy communication and integration with Europe. The physical distance and challenging terrain contributed to a sense of isolation.
Cultural differences: Russia has a unique history and cultural heritage distinct from Western Europe. The influence of the Byzantine Empire, the Mongol invasions, and the development of the Russian Orthodox Church shaped a distinct cultural identity. This divergence in culture, traditions, and religious practices contributed to a sense of separateness from the rest of Europe.
Geographical barriers, such as the Ural Mountains and vast expanses of Siberia, posed challenges for integration with Europe. The historical influence of the Byzantine Empire, Mongol invasions, and the development of the Russian Orthodox Church contributed to a unique cultural identity, fostering a sense of separation from Western Europe.