Final answer:
Neurotransmitters such as Ach, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, glutamate, GABA, and glycine have various functions in the body and are synthesized in different ways. They are associated with diseases like Alzheimer's, depression, Parkinson's, schizophrenia, and narcolepsy.
Step-by-step explanation:
Functions of Neurotransmitters:
- Ach (Acetylcholine): Functions in the brain for learning, memory, and muscle movement.
- Norepinephrine: Regulates attention, arousal, and mood.
- Epinephrine (Adrenaline): Controls the fight-or-flight response.
- Dopamine: Involved in motivation, reward, and pleasure.
- Serotonin: Regulates mood, appetite, and sleep.
- Histamine: Responsible for allergic responses and wakefulness.
- Glutamate: Primary excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in learning and memory.
- GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid): Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, regulates anxiety and sleep.
- Glycine: Inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates spinal reflexes.
Synthesis of Neurotransmitters:
- Ach is synthesized in the cytoplasm of nerve terminals from choline and acetyl coenzyme A.
- Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine are synthesized from amino acids.
- Glutamate, GABA, and glycine are also amino acids produced from enzymatic transformations.
Disease Associations:
- Ach is associated with Alzheimer's disease.
- Low levels of norepinephrine and serotonin are linked to depression.
- Dopamine dysfunction is implicated in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
- Deficiencies in histamine are related to narcolepsy.
- Abnormal levels of glutamate and GABA are associated with various neurological disorders.