Final answer:
Historical texts show that Native Americans were often treated unequally and faced exploitation since the inception of the United States. Their citizenship status and rights were widely denied, affecting their treatment under U.S. government policies, including during periods of westward migration influenced by the philosophy of Manifest Destiny. Throughout history, differing perspectives on these treatments led to criticism and calls for reform on how Native Americans should be treated and whether to provide programs aimed at addressing historical injustices.
Step-by-step explanation:
The authors of the historical texts describe a consensus that the treatment of Native Americans was unequal and often exploitative throughout the history of the United States. Initially, Native Americans were not considered U.S. citizens due to their recognition as members of sovereign nations and were denied many of the rights granted to citizens.
With the philosophy of Manifest Destiny, the treatment of indigenous peoples was further impacted as Americans migrated westward, often leading to displacement and a push for assimilation into the dominant culture. Government policy at various times sought to assimilate Native Americans or move them onto reservations, efforts that were met with criticism and resistance from both the Native communities and some American reformers.
Historical accounts, such as those concerning the arrival of the Spanish in Aztec territory and Columbus's interactions with indigenous peoples, reveal how Native Americans often faced violence and subjugation. During the period of western expansion, the experiences of Native Americans, Chinese immigrants, and Hispanic citizens highlight a range of discriminatory practices. Government treaties with Native tribes often resulted in unequal and unfair terms, which many Native Americans rejected or accepted only under duress.
Public discourse regarding the treatment of Native Americans evolved over time, with figures like Helen Hunt Jackson calling attention to the Native American plight and advocating for reform. The question of how Native Americans should be treated by the government and society remains relevant, including debates around the use of public funds for programs aimed at amending historical injustices.