Final answer:
Muhammad Tughlaq failed to raise large armies and establish new cities due to poor economic policies and leadership issues, whereas Alauddin Khalji's success was attributed to his strong economic reforms and effective leadership.The correct option is:Option 2: Economic policies
Step-by-step explanation:
The failure of Muhammad Tughlaq and the success of Alauddin Khalji in raising large armies and establishing new cities is largely attributed to Economic policies and Leadership qualities. Alauddin Khalji succeeded due to his robust economic policies, such as the introduction of market controls and reforms that ensured a well-supplied and maintained army, along with efficient collection of revenue.
In contrast, Muhammad Tughlaq's unconventional economic experiments, like the token currency system which failed due to lack of proper planning and execution, led to economic instability that hampered his military and urban development efforts.
Muhammad Tughlaq also made strategic misjudgments and had difficulty in maintaining the loyalty of his subordinates, which reflected on his leadership qualities. Valuable resources were expended in poorly planned military campaigns and shifting the capital from Delhi to Devagiri, which did not yield the desired outcomes.
On the other hand, Alauddin Khalji demonstrated effective leadership by maintaining strict control over his territories and exercising direct oversight of military and economic affairs, which enabled him to raise large armies and found new cities successfully.The correct option is:Option 2: Economic policies