Final answer:
The framing effect in decision making is a cognitive bias where people's decisions can be influenced by the wording of a question. It is related to confirmation bias and other cognitive biases like anchoring bias and availability heuristic. Media plays a role in framing by packaging and presenting information to influence interpretations and opinions. Therefore correct option is A
Step-by-step explanation:
Framing Effect in Decision Making
The framing effect refers to how people's decisions can be influenced by the wording of a question. It is a cognitive bias where people seek evidence that affirms their beliefs and discount evidence that does not. People also tend to base their decisions on categories or stereotypes, as well as estimate probabilities based on how easily events come to mind.
For example, if a question is framed in a positive way, people are more likely to make a positive decision. On the other hand, if the question is framed in a negative way, people may make a negative decision. This shows how the way a question is presented can have a significant impact on people's decision-making process.
Media and Framing
The media plays a role in framing by packaging and presenting information to the public in a certain way. By highlighting certain events and placing them within a particular context, the media can encourage or discourage specific interpretations. This selective influence shapes how people view reality and can impact their opinions on social policy and in elections. Different media outlets may frame the same story differently, portraying it in a positive or negative light to attract specific audiences.
Confirmation Bias and Other Cognitive Biases
The framing effect is related to confirmation bias, which is the tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs. Other cognitive biases like anchoring bias and availability heuristic also influence decision making. Anchoring bias refers to relying on initial values or quantities when estimating the actual value, while availability heuristic leads people to evaluate new information based on the most recent or easily recalled examples. These biases further contribute to the framing effect in decision making.