Final answer:
The specialized language and thinking styles unique to certain professional groups are examples of speech communities, which are defined by unique vocabularies and patterns of thinking. Additionally, these communities demonstrate the concept of performativity in language use, often leading to marginalization of those outside the group. Therefore correct option is B
Step-by-step explanation:
The specialized language used by different groups such as the military, scientists, medical personnel, and linguists, along with the associated forms of thinking, are examples of "speech communities." These groups demonstrate their membership and expertise within their specific communities through the use of unique vocabularies, grammatical forms, intonation patterns, and thinking styles.
These communities also reflect the concept of "performativity," where language is used to perform social actions and assert group identity. The use of language in this way can often result in endorsing certain power structures and excluding those who are not adept with the specialized language of the group, leading to a form of marginalization.
This phenomenon aligns with the insights of linguistic anthropology, as it studies the socializing effects of language, the in-group solidarity it fosters, and the exclusion it can impose on those outside the group. Speakers of nonstandard vernaculars face a choice between adopting elite linguistic practices or retaining their native speech and challenging the prevailing language ideologies.