Final answer:
NATO added Greece and Turkey in 1952, which was part of its strategic efforts to reinforce its defenses against a potential Soviet attack during the Cold War era. The correct answer is A.
Step-by-step explanation:
In 1952, NATO added Greece and Turkey as member countries. This enlargement was part of the alliance's strategic goal to deter a Soviet attack by strengthening its southern flank. Germany (specifically, West Germany) joined NATO later, in 1955, which was a significant development during the Cold War era that led to the formation of the Warsaw Pact by the Soviet Union and its allies.
Spain was not added until 1982, and Italy was one of the original members in 1949. Therefore the correct option is A.