Final answer:
1) Feudal medieval social hierarchy was structured with kings at the top, followed by nobles and knights, then peasants and serfs.
2) Charlemagne was significant for his efforts in unifying Western Europe, fostering cultural revival, and his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor in 800 AD.
3) The Christian church in medieval society played a central role in religious, political, and social aspects, providing guidance, education, and stability.
4) The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated by European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslim rule, leading to significant cultural exchanges but also contributing to religious tensions and conflicts.
5) During the Middle Ages, art, architecture, and literature transitioned from predominantly religious themes in Romanesque style to more secular and innovative works in the Gothic style, reflecting societal changes and advancements.
Step-by-step explanation:
During the medieval period, society was deeply hierarchical, with the king holding ultimate authority and distributing land to nobles and knights in exchange for loyalty and military service. Peasants and serfs worked the land in a feudal system, providing goods and labor in return for protection. This system provided stability but also entrenched social divisions. Charlemagne's rule marked a period of cultural and educational revival in Europe, establishing schools and promoting arts and literature. The Christian church wielded immense power, influencing laws, morality, education, and governance.
The Crusades, while aiming to reclaim the Holy Land, also facilitated trade and cultural exchanges but led to religious tensions and conflicts, impacting both Europe and the Middle East. Art, architecture, and literature evolved, transitioning from religious-focused Romanesque to more secular and innovative Gothic styles, reflecting societal changes, technological advancements, and a shift towards humanism and individualism.