Final answer:
Aristotle defined a good state as one that fosters human flourishing by promoting a virtuous life. He argued for a mixed form of government, or Politeia, centered on law and balanced power sharing that motivates citizens to cultivate virtues and participate in governance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Aristotle defined a good state as one where citizens could achieve eudaimonia, or flourishing life, by living a virtuous life. He proposed that a well-constructed political society is essential for this pursuit, as it provides the necessary environment for acquiring and practicing virtue through law, education, and community. Hence, a good constitution is one that encourages and trains its citizens in habits of right action. Aristotle also espoused the need for a balanced government that would combine the aspects of the rule of law, a mixed constitution, and great respect for a middle class, which he believed could best secure the public good. This government, called a Politeia, would enable society to move toward the full human potential through rational debate and political participation.
In Aristotle's ideal state, political power would be shared among different elements of society, including a natural aristocracy, and would encourage citizens to cultivate virtues like wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice. Only those who were seen as fully contributing to the political community would be granted political rights. In his view, political participation was a crucial aspect of reaching one's full potential as a human being.