Final answer:
Someone labeled as a sinner, queer, or junkie has been stigmatized, which implies social labeling that discredits their identity and reduces their status. Stigmatization can lead to discrimination, social isolation, and affect an individual's mental health. Option D is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
If someone is labeled as a sinner, queer, or junkie, he/she has been stigmatized. Stigma refers to the labeling of individuals in a way that discredits them and reduces their status in society. Sociologist Erving Goffman described stigma as an attribute that deeply discredits an individual, reducing them in our minds from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted one. Such labels can lead to discrimination and social exclusion.
Being stigmatized does not imply that someone has been arrested; rather, it speaks to the social consequences of being associated with certain behaviors or identities, which can oftentimes lead to being shunned or discriminated against. This may happen in various conditions such as mental illnesses, the LGBTQ community, or drug addiction. Stigmatization can result in the limiting of opportunities, social isolation, and may affect an individual's self-esteem and mental health.