Final answer:
The gold standard for diagnosing volvulus and malrotation involves imaging techniques like an upper gastrointestinal series, not stool specimen examinations. Stool exams and tests such as immunoassay are used for diagnosing parasitic infections like giardiasis. MRI may be used to detect liver abscesses associated with such infections.
Step-by-step explanation:
Diagnosing Volvulus and Malrotation
The gold standard for diagnosing volvulus and malrotation is not typically identified through the examination of fecal specimens. Instead, it involves imaging techniques such as an upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series, contrast enema, or in certain cases, computed tomography (CT). However, since you've mentioned stool tests and other diagnostic methods, it seems there might be a mix-up with a different gastrointestinal condition. For parasitic infections such as giardiasis, direct examination of fecal specimens and the stool O&P exam (ova and parasites) can be helpful. Additional tests such as immunoassay, serology, biopsy, molecular testing, and antibody detection can also be used to diagnose parasitic infections. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be useful in detecting liver abscesses associated with the infection, not volvulus or malrotation. The first line of treatment for giardiasis is typically metronidazole or tinidazole, with diloxanide furoate, iodoquinol, or paromomycin to eliminate remaining cysts after the infection has been cleared.
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