Final answer:
Nathaniel's California residency status largely depends on his intent, physical presence, and connections to the state according to California law. He may be considered a full-year resident in both years due to his domicile and return trips, but a definitive answer requires more information or consultation with a tax professional.
Step-by-step explanation:
Regarding Nathaniel's California residency status, the correct answer would depend on specific California state law guidelines on residency for tax purposes. Generally, a person is considered a full-year resident of California if they are in the state for other than a temporary or transitory purpose. Factors considered include the individual's physical presence, intent, and financial connections to the state. In Nathaniel's case, since he has a permanent home in California and returned for vacations, which indicates intent to remain a California resident, it could be argued that he is a full-year resident for both years. However, without more information about his intent and connections to the state during the periods he was working in Afghanistan, it is not possible to provide a definitive answer.
For an accurate determination of residency status, factors such as the purpose and length of his stay outside California and the connections maintained while abroad would need to be considered. It's recommended to consult with a tax professional or refer to the California Franchise Tax Board's guidelines for a conclusive determination.