Final answer:
The formation of chalk is known as Efflorescence, and it is a geological process connected to sedimentary rock formations. So, the correct answer is option B. Efflorescence.
Step-by-step explanation:
The formation of chalk is represented by the term Efflorescence. This is part of a broader category of geological processes that pertain to the Earth's history and the sedimentary rock formations known as banded iron formations.
The white cliffs of Dover are an iconic example, composed mainly of calcium carbonate from the remains of microscopic marine organisms known as coccolithophores.
These chalk deposits, including those found in similar locations such as Nebraska and Kansas, provide valuable evidence of the Earth's former climatic conditions and the types of organisms that thrived during those times.
Sedimentary rock formations like the banded iron formations, which can be found laid down in rock strata that date back 3.7 billion years, give us insight into early Earth conditions. Their distinct alternating iron-rich and iron-poor layers also register the presence of photosynthetic organisms and the oxygenation of the atmosphere.
Therefore, the correct answer to the given question is option B. Efflorescence.