Final answer:
The question touches on philosophical perspectives from thinkers like Leibniz, Camus, Aristotle, Fishkin, Burke, Arneson, and Sen, regarding the nature of the world, impact of individual actions, debate and public good, legitimacy of democracy, and the role of tradition and experience in political decision-making.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question refers to various philosophical perspectives on the nature of the world, the role of individuals in society, and the defense of democratic governance.
Alain de Botton's view, while not explicitly stated, could possibly be related to his writings on philosophy as applied to everyday life. Other thinkers like Leibniz, Camus, Aristotle, Fishkin, Burke, and contemporary philosophers like Richard Arneson and Amartya Sen raise issues concerning the complexity of reality, the impact of individual actions, the role of debate in shaping public good, the foundational principles of a stable society, and the legitimacy of democratic systems.
For instance, Leibniz asserted that we lack the omniscience to judge if the world could be any better, implying a philosophical perspective known as 'Optimism' that sees the current state of the world as the best possible scenario. Camus emphasized the power of individual action to transcend boundaries and impact society positively. Burke took a conservative stance, warning against rapid changes to political systems and valuing tradition.
Analyzing these diverse views helps understand what these philosophers' arguments are, the potential critiques of their arguments, the endorsement of democracy by contemporary thinkers based on its outcomes, and the various contentions about society's workings and governance. These issues reflect the complexities of social and political philosophy.
The complete question is:Alain de Botton, argues that