The Directory in France was overthrown in 1799 primarily due to a combination of internal dissatisfaction, political instability, and military discontent. Several factors contributed to its downfall:
1. **Ineffectiveness and Corruption:** The Directory faced challenges in governing effectively and addressing economic issues. It was perceived as corrupt and unable to address the problems facing France.
2. **Economic Crisis:** France was experiencing economic difficulties, with high inflation and widespread poverty. The Directory struggled to stabilize the economy and failed to address the financial woes of the country.
3. **Military Discontent:** The French military, especially under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte, played a crucial role in the overthrow. Dissatisfaction among military leaders and the desire for a strong leader to bring stability and success in military campaigns led to support for a change in government.
4. **Political Instability:** The Directory faced opposition from both royalists and radical revolutionaries. There were frequent political conflicts and uprisings, contributing to an overall sense of instability.
5. **Coup of 18 Brumaire:** Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup on 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799) with the support of key military figures and politicians. The coup resulted in the dissolution of the Directory and the establishment of the Consulate, with Napoleon as First Consul. This marked the end of the French Revolution's democratic phase and the beginning of the Napoleonic era.