Final answer:
Geographic isolation, industrial melanism, and warning coloration can lead to speciation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Geographic isolation leads to speciation when a population of a species becomes physically separated by a geographic barrier, such as a mountain range or a body of water, preventing gene flow between the two populations. Over time, they accumulate different genetic variations and can eventually become reproductively isolated species.
Industrial melanism is a phenomenon observed in some moth populations where dark-colored individuals are better adapted to survive in industrialized areas with high pollution levels. This can lead to speciation if the dark-colored moths have a higher survival and reproductive rate compared to light-colored moths, resulting in a shift in the overall population phenotype.
Warning coloration is a form of speciation where certain organisms evolve bright and distinct color patterns to warn predators of their toxicity or unpalatability. This leads to the development of new species as predators learn to associate the warning colors with danger and avoid consuming the toxic or unpalatable organisms.
Learn more about Factors leading to speciation