Final answer:
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were the three West African kingdoms that participated in the trans-Saharan trade.
Step-by-step explanation:
The three West African kingdoms that participated in the lucrative trans-Saharan trade were Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. These kingdoms were strategically located along the trans-Saharan trade routes and were able to amass great wealth through the trading of goods such as gold, salt, and slaves. The trans-Saharan trade was a major economic and cultural exchange network that connected West Africa with North Africa and the Mediterranean region.
Learn more about West African kingdoms and the trans-Saharan trade