Final answer:
Hatching, cross-hatching, and smooth shading are techniques used in the arts to create tonal or shading effects in drawings and artworks.
Step-by-step explanation:
The technique used to create tonal or shading effects by drawing closely spaced parallel lines is hatching. Hatching involves drawing a series of parallel lines in one direction to create density and shading in an image. By varying the spacing and angle of the lines, artists can create different effects and textures.
Cross-hatching is a similar technique to hatching, but involves drawing additional lines in a different direction, often creating a mesh or grid-like pattern. This technique is used to add additional depth and complexity to shading in an artwork.
In contrast, smooth shading involves blending tones together using gradual transitions, without the use of visible individual lines. Smooth shading is commonly used in pencil or charcoal drawings, as well as in digital art programs to create realistic textures and lighting effects.
Learn more about Drawing techniques