Final answer:
Arterial aneurysms can present with pulsatile swelling, pain, hypertension, or compression symptoms. The best confirmatory test for thoracic aortic aneurysm is CT angiography. Acute management of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm includes analgesia, anti-hypertensives, blood transfusion, and open surgical repair. Complications of arterial aneurysms include stroke, pulmonary embolism, retroperitoneal bleeding, arterial dissection, and thromboembolism. Conditions that may lead to the development of arterial aneurysms include diabetes, hyperlipidemia, Ehler-Danlos syndrome, and Marfan syndrome. The Stanford classification groups aortic dissection of the ascending and descending aorta.
Step-by-step explanation:
Arterial aneurysms present with a variety of symptomatology. Answer choices A, B, C, and D are all possible presentations of arterial aneurysms. An aneurysm may present as a pulsatile swelling (A), pain at the affected site (B), hypertension due to bleeding when there is rupture (C), or compression symptoms of adjacent structures (D). However, it is important to note that in the majority of cases, arterial aneurysms do not present with any symptoms (E).
When it comes to confirming a thoracic aortic aneurysm, the best test is a CT angiography test (A). This test provides detailed images of the aorta and can accurately diagnose a thoracic aortic aneurysm.
In the acute management of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, the following measures are typically taken: analgesia (A) for pain relief, anti-hypertensives (B) to control blood pressure, blood transfusion (D) to restore blood volume, and open surgical repair (E) to address the aneurysm. Lipid lowering drugs (C) are not directly related to the acute management of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Complications that may occur as a result of arterial aneurysms include cerebrovascular accident (stroke), pulmonary embolism, retroperitoneal bleeding, arterial dissection, and thromboembolism. Therefore, the answer choice that does not fit is E, thromboembolism.
Several conditions can lead to the development of arterial aneurysms. However, the answer choice that should be excluded is D, Carcinoid syndrome.
Arterial dissection is a clinical condition characterized by a tear or separation of intimal-medial layers and may involve the adventitia layer. The common causes of arterial dissection are diabetes, trauma, vasculitis, atheroma, and hypertension. Therefore, the answer choice that does not fit is A, diabetes.
The Stanford classification of aortic dissection groups dissection of the ascending aorta (proximal to the origin of brachiocephalic trunk) as well as dissection of the descending aorta (distal to the left subclavian artery). Therefore, the answer choice that includes both is D, ascending and descending aorta.
Learn more about Arterial aneurysms