Final answer:
The question pertains to the understanding and application of various tenses in English language. These are: past simple, past continuous, present perfect, and past perfect, respectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question deals with the understanding of different tenses used in English language. Firstly, option a) 'The church bells were rung' is in the past simple passive tense, meaning the action was completed in the past at a specific time. Option b) 'The church bells were being rung' is in the past continuous passive tense, indicating the action was ongoing at a certain point in the past. Option c) 'The church bells have been rung' is in the present perfect passive tense, suggesting the action happened at an unspecified time before now. Lastly, option d) 'The church bells had been rung' is in the past perfect passive tense, showing the action was completed before another action in the past.
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