Final answer:
Debt peonage, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses prevented the economic advancement of African Americans.
Step-by-step explanation:
Debt peonage was a practice that prevented the economic advancement of African Americans. It was a system in which laborers were forced to work to pay off a debt, trapping them in a cycle of poverty and preventing economic mobility. This practice was particularly prevalent in the southern United States after the Civil War.
Additionally, literacy tests were used as a means to disenfranchise African Americans and prevent their economic advancement. These tests were designed to be difficult and racially biased, making it nearly impossible for African Americans to meet the qualifications to vote or hold certain jobs.
Grandfather clauses were another practice that hindered the economic advancement of African Americans. These clauses were put in place to exempt individuals from certain requirements, such as literacy tests, if their ancestors had been eligible to vote or serve in the military before a certain date. However, since African Americans were largely excluded from voting or military service, they were unable to benefit from these exemptions.
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