Answer:
Technological Advantages:
Weapons and Armor: The Spanish conquistadors possessed superior weaponry and armor. They had firearms, such as muskets and arquebuses, which were far more advanced than the weapons used by the Aztecs and Incas. Additionally, Spanish conquistadors were equipped with steel armor and swords, which provided them with a significant defensive advantage over the traditional weapons of the indigenous peoples.
Horses: The Spanish introduced horses to the Americas, which gave them a major tactical advantage. The Aztecs and Incas had never encountered mounted cavalry before, and the sight of armored conquistadors on horseback was terrifying. Horses allowed the Spanish to move quickly, attack with greater force, and create confusion on the battlefield.
Alliances with Local Indigenous Groups:
Dissatisfaction with Rulers: In both the Aztec and Incan empires, there were indigenous groups who were dissatisfied with their rulers and sought opportunities to ally with the Spanish. The Spanish were skilled at exploiting internal divisions and forming alliances with indigenous groups that had grievances against the dominant powers. For example, Hernán Cortés formed alliances with various indigenous groups who resented Aztec rule, such as the Tlaxcalans, and used their support to wage war against the Aztecs.
Interpreters: The Spanish made use of indigenous individuals who were bilingual and could serve as interpreters. These individuals played a crucial role in communication and negotiation with local indigenous groups. Malintzin (La Malinche), an indigenous woman who served as an interpreter and advisor to Hernán Cortés, is one notable example.