Answer: An officer saw the drugs while walking up to the home on other grounds: This scenario could potentially invoke the "plain view" doctrine. If an officer observed the drugs in plain view while legally present on the property for other valid reasons, such as responding to a call or conducting a lawful investigation, the seizure might be upheld.The drugs were in trash bags in the front yard and thus not subject to the warrant requirement: The "open fields" doctrine could apply if the drugs were located in an area that is not constitutionally protected, such as the front yard, which is considered part of the "open fields" and not subject to the same level of protection as the interior of the home.An officer noticed a guest entering the home and thus had probable cause: If an officer observed suspicious behavior, such as a guest entering the home with items that appeared to be connected to criminal activity, this could provide probable cause to conduct a search without a warrant.Townhomes are not given the same level of constitutional protection as other types of homes: Townhomes and other types of residences may have different legal considerations. Depending on the specific laws and precedents in the jurisdiction, townhomes may be subject to different rules regarding searches and seizures.