The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century and extended into the 19th century, created the conditions for global revolutions through several interconnected processes:
Economic Transformation: The Industrial Revolution brought about a significant shift from agrarian-based economies to industrial and capitalist ones. New technologies, such as mechanized factories and steam engines, increased productivity and created wealth. However, this transformation also led to economic disparities and class inequalities, with a growing working class facing harsh conditions.
Urbanization: The growth of industries and factories attracted people from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment. This rapid urbanization often resulted in overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions, contributing to social unrest and discontent.
Ideas of Change: The Enlightenment, a philosophical movement of the 18th century, promoted ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. These principles, along with the spread of education and literacy, inspired many to question existing social and political structures.
Communication and Information: Technological advancements, including the printing press and later the telegraph, facilitated the rapid dissemination of information and ideas. People became more aware of global events and revolutionary movements in other countries.
Transportation: Improved transportation methods, such as the steam engine and railways, not only enhanced the movement of goods but also the movement of people. This made it easier for revolutionary ideas to spread.
Social and Political Dissatisfaction: The working class and other marginalized groups often faced harsh working conditions, exploitation, and limited political representation. These grievances fueled social discontent and a desire for change.
Inspiration from Other Revolutions: The success of the American Revolution (1775-1783) and the French Revolution (1789-1799) served as powerful inspirations for people in other parts of the world. These events demonstrated that change was possible and could lead to the establishment of new, more equitable systems.
Nationalism: The Industrial Revolution contributed to the growth of nationalism, with people identifying more strongly with their own nations. Nationalist movements sought political and cultural independence from colonial powers or oppressive rulers, leading to revolutions and struggles for sovereignty.