Final answer:
The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, associated with Nihilism, believed that there is no lasting self and individual interpretation replaces absolute logical structures and norms that provide meaning. David Hume similarly observed the self as a changing bundle of perceptions, further challenging the concept of a lasting, unchanging individual character. Other philosophical perspectives like Absurdism, Existentialism and Solipsism also contribute to the understanding of self, but not to the extent of Nietzsche's Nihilism.
Step-by-step explanation:
The philosopher who comes closest to doubting the basic idea of the individual character and stating there is no lasting self is Friedrich Nietzsche, associated with Nihilism. Nietzsche believed that without the structures of fixed ethical mandates, the world could seem a perpetual abyss of meaninglessness. Any sense of an enduring, stable self is impacted by this perspective. Absurdism, Existentialism, Solipsism, also relate to self-conception and reality, but none quite matches Nietzsche's level of self-distrust.
David Hume also argued that the self was a changing bundle of perceptions, further eroding the concept of a fixed individual character. However, this perspective isn't represented by the four options given.
In summary, the idea of a lasting self being an illusion matches most closely with Nietzsche’s Nihilism, though other philosophers also contribute to this theme.
Learn more about Nihilism