Final answer:
Scientific explanations are based on a cumulative body of observations under the umbrella term of d) 'Science'. It uses inductive and deductive reasoning through the scientific method to make and define observations, propose and test hypotheses, and draw conclusions. These findings are shared via peer-reviewed papers.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term for the cumulative body of observations on which scientific explanations are based is d. Science. Science utilizes two types of logical reasoning for this purpose: inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning uses particular results to derive general scientific principles, while deductive reasoning applies these general principles to predict results. Their commonality lies in the usage of the scientific method, a systematic process that initiates from observing phenomena and culminates in drawing conclusions. It involves making observations, defining a problem, posing hypotheses, testing these hypotheses, and arriving at conclusions, which are then communicated to the scientific community via peer-reviewed papers published in scientific journals.
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