Answer:
To match each situation to the step in the urine formation process where the problem lies for the given nephron, we need to understand the different steps involved in urine formation.
1. Filtration: This is the first step in urine formation, which occurs in the glomerulus of the nephron. The glomerulus acts as a filter, allowing small molecules like water, electrolytes, and waste products to pass through while retaining larger molecules like proteins and blood cells.
2. Reabsorption: After filtration, the filtrate moves into the renal tubules where reabsorption takes place. In this step, essential substances such as glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. The reabsorption process ensures that these vital substances are not lost in urine.
3. Secretion: Secretion is the opposite process of reabsorption. It involves the transfer of certain substances from the bloodstream into the renal tubules. These substances include metabolic waste products (e.g., urea and uric acid), drugs, and excess ions. Secretion helps eliminate additional waste materials from the body.
Now let's match each situation to the step in the urine formation process where the problem lies:
1. Stella's urine sample shows the presence of large proteins: This situation indicates a problem with filtration. Normally, large proteins should not be present in urine as they are retained by the glomerulus during filtration. If proteins are found in urine, it suggests that there is a malfunction in the filtration process, allowing proteins to pass through.
2. John's blood test report indicates a high toxin level: This situation suggests a problem with reabsorption. Reabsorption is responsible for returning essential substances back into the bloodstream while removing waste products. If there is a high toxin level in John's blood test report, it implies that some toxins are not being effectively removed from the filtrate during reabsorption.
3. Miguel's blood test shows an increase in metabolic waste: This situation points to a problem with secretion. Metabolic waste products, such as urea and uric acid, are normally secreted into the renal tubules for elimination. If there is an increase in metabolic waste in Miguel's blood test, it indicates that these waste products are not being adequately secreted into the renal tubules.
4. Janice's urine report shows the presence of vital minerals: This situation does not indicate a problem in any specific step of urine formation. The presence of vital minerals in urine is normal and expected, as some minerals are excreted from the body through urine.
In summary, the problems in the urine formation process for each situation are as follows:
- Stella's urine sample shows the presence of large proteins: Problem lies in filtration.
- John's blood test report indicates a high toxin level: Problem lies in reabsorption.
- Miguel's blood test shows an increase in metabolic waste: Problem lies in secretion.
- Janice's urine report shows the presence of vital minerals: No problem indicated.
Step-by-step explanation: