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Scientific racism refers to the pseudoscientific theories and practices that were used to support and justify racial hierarchies and discrimination. One example of scientific racism during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is the concept of "race science" or "racial typology."
Racial typology involved categorizing human populations into distinct racial groups based on physical characteristics such as skin color, facial features, and skull measurements. These classifications were then used to make assertions about the intellectual, moral, and cultural superiority or inferiority of different racial groups.
For example, the theories of eugenics, popular in the early twentieth century, claimed that certain races were inherently inferior and therefore should be prevented from reproducing to preserve the "purity" of the gene pool. This led to policies such as forced sterilizations and discriminatory immigration laws targeting specific racial and ethnic groups.
Another example is the idea of phrenology, which claimed that intelligence, personality traits, and moral character could be determined by measuring the bumps and contours of an individual's skull. This theory was used to support the notion that certain races were naturally intellectually superior or inferior.
It's important to note that these theories have been widely discredited and debunked as pseudoscience. However, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, they were used to legitimize racism, discrimination